Exploring Your Septic System - The Basics
A septic tank functions as a key component of a septic system, serving as an underground chamber where wastewater from household plumbing fixtures undergoes initial treatment. The basic operation of a septic tank involves several stages of wastewater treatment, ultimately leading to the safe disposal of treated effluent into the surrounding soil.
When wastewater enters the septic tank from the home's plumbing system, it undergoes a process of separation and decomposition. Solid waste settles at the bottom of the tank, forming a layer of sludge, while lighter materials, such as grease and oil, float to the top, creating a layer of scum.
Within the tank, naturally occurring bacteria and enzymes begin the process of breaking down organic matter present in the sewage, partially treating it. The liquid effluent, which is relatively clear and free of solids, exits the septic tank and flows into the drain field or leach field.
In this part of the septic system, the effluent undergoes further treatment as it percolates through layers of soil. Microbial action and physical filtration within the soil layers help to remove additional impurities from the effluent, ultimately purifying it before it re-enters the groundwater or surface water.
The Different Types Of Septic Systems
There are several types of septic systems commonly used, each designed to accommodate different soil types, site conditions, and property sizes:
- Conventional Septic System: This is the most basic type of septic system, consisting of a septic tank and a drain field. Wastewater flows from the home into the septic tank, where solids settle and are partially digested. The liquid effluent then exits the tank and is distributed into the drain field through perforated pipes, where it undergoes further treatment in the soil.
- Chamber System: Chamber systems replace traditional gravel-filled trenches in the drain field with lightweight plastic chambers. These chambers provide greater surface area for effluent absorption and can be installed more quickly than traditional systems.
- Aerobic Treatment Unit (ATU): ATU systems incorporate additional oxygen into the treatment process, promoting the growth of aerobic bacteria that more effectively break down organic matter in the septic tank. These systems are often used in areas with high water tables or poor soil conditions.
- Mound System: Mound systems are installed in areas with shallow or impermeable soil layers. They involve constructing an elevated mound of sand or gravel above the natural soil surface, allowing for proper effluent treatment and dispersal.
- Drip Distribution System: Drip distribution systems use drip irrigation technology to deliver treated effluent directly to the soil through small emitters or tubing. This method allows for more controlled and efficient dispersal of effluent, making it suitable for areas with limited space or challenging soil conditions.
Where Does It All Go - Leach Fields And Drain Fields
One misconception is that drain fields and leach fields are different things. This is incorrect, as they are the same thing. A drain field, also known as a leach field or absorption field, serves as the final stage of treatment in a septic system, where treated effluent is dispersed into the soil for further purification and absorption.
Typically located downstream from the septic tank, the drain field consists of a network of perforated pipes or chambers buried in trenches filled with gravel or other aggregate material. As the liquid effluent exits the septic tank, it flows into the drain field pipes or chambers, where it is distributed evenly across the field.
Once in the drain field, the effluent percolates through layers of soil, undergoing natural filtration and biological treatment. Microorganisms in the soil help to break down remaining organic matter and pathogens, while physical and chemical processes further purify the effluent.
By the time the treated effluent reaches the groundwater or surface water, it is significantly cleaner and poses minimal risk to the environment. Proper design, installation, and maintenance of the drain field are essential for ensuring its long-term effectiveness and preventing potential issues such as clogging or groundwater contamination.
Common Issues With Drain Fields
While septic systems are not flush with issues, some things can arise due to various factors. These problems can range from improper installation to environmental conditions. When left unchecked, these issues can compromise the functionality of a drain field and can lead to system failure if left unaddressed.
Some of the most common issues that you may encounter with your septic systems drain field include:
- Compaction: Over time, the soil in the drain field may become compacted due to heavy foot traffic, vehicle parking, or construction activities. Compacted soil restricts the flow of effluent and inhibits proper drainage, leading to backups and ponding on the surface.
- Clogging: Accumulation of solids, grease, or non-biodegradable materials in the drain field pipes or soil pores can cause clogging, preventing effluent from properly infiltrating into the soil. Common culprits include excessive use of household cleaners, disposal of sanitary products, and tree root intrusion into the pipes.
- Root Intrusion: Tree and shrub roots seeking moisture and nutrients may infiltrate drain field pipes, causing blockages and damage. As roots grow and expand, they can exert pressure on the pipes, leading to cracks, fractures, or disconnections that compromise the integrity of the drainage system.
- Soil Saturation: Prolonged or heavy rainfall can saturate the soil in the drain field, reducing its ability to absorb and treat effluent. Poorly drained soils, high groundwater levels, or inadequate site grading can exacerbate soil saturation issues, leading to surface ponding and system backups.
Drain Field Issues? Get Help Fast With Viking Environmental and Septic Services
If you are experiencing any type of drain field issues, whether they are severe or not, you must reach out to a professional septic service company. Septic service companies should be able to accurately diagnose any drain field or septic system issue that you may encounter.
If you are in the Asheville area, Viking Environmental and Septic Services is the premier septic service company. Not only do we offer septic tank inspections and pumping, but we also handle installation, repair, and more. Contact us today to learn more about how we can help ensure that your septic system and drain field are in good hands.